Introduction To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics Essay

Prologue To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics Essay Spain formally known as The Kingdom of Spain, it is an autonomous government and partner of European Union. Spain is arranged in the south west of Europe on the Peninsula Iberian. Madrid, the capital, is the biggest city of Spain with more than 3,000,000 individuals of the populace. The official language is Spanish known as Castellan, yet there are perceived territorial dialects as Catalan-Valencian, Basque, Galician and Occitan that has a place with self-ruling comminutes. Their administration is Unitary Regional State Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy, which starting today we discover names like The King Juan Carlos I de Borbon, and the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. On the off chance that we think back to the administration of 1978, the Spanish Constitution was the end of the Spanish progress to majority rule government, moved by the popularity based political change in 1976 and 1977, the new Spains King Juan Carlos, notable and associated with his lead and disposition named an other head administrator and excused the one that was there. The new political decision sorted out the reason for drafting and endorsing another constitution in 1978. Instruction is free for Spain from the age of six to sixteen, and the religion is the Roman Catholicism which is viewed as the central religion of Spain. Spain is likewise very notable for their design, music and move, not in any event, considering their food and significant agents icons in various games. The legislative issues of Spain is essentially settled by the constitution of 1978, which says Spain as a self-governing government, where the individuals need to choose the Prime Minister for the intensity of the nation. The political type of the Government of Spain is parliamentary government, as per the Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978), is a social agent, fair, established government in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister, whose official title is President of the Government, is the head of government.(Article 98). The political framework as parliamentary government implies a type of a current government in the present western vote based systems, particularly in Europe, in which the ruler execute the capacity of the leader of a state heavily influenced by the authoritative force (Parliament which are chosen individuals from the state for some period) and of the official force (Government). The standards and choices set up of the Parliament control not just the methodology or activity of the state, yet in addition the activity and elements of their own ruler. It partitions in three unique forces of government: Authoritative force devises and alters the current laws as indicated by the assessment of the residents. Another capacity is the endorsement of the laws and for the most part, it is on charge of the congress or a parliament, which are created by agents chose by the town that has been ascribed the principle task to communicate the assurance or will of them. Official force trustworthy in causing to go along the laws and that is accustomed to practicing the legislature or the own pioneer of the State. It is liable for the every day the board of the State. The official force consider and executes general governmental issues as indicated by which the laws must be applied, speaks to the Nation in its discretionary relations, keeps up close the Armed Forces and every now and then encourages to the enactment. The President is the noticeable picture and figure and the most significant force. Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978) The legal executive force is free of the official and the lawmaking body, directing equity for the benefit of the King by a few adjudicators and judges. It is the answerable for directing the equity in the organization or state, by methods for the use of the lawful standards (Article 99) Political Ideology Like whatever other nation which has their own administration we will discover political philosophies. As per Roskin et al.(2009) states that philosophies are regularly founded on speculations however rearranged and advanced to offer to mass crowds, construct political developments, and win decisions. Belief systems may be called modest speculations (p.39). Spain hosts a few multi-gathering frameworks at both territorial and the national level. Broadly it covers just two that are the most well known political prevailing gatherings, which are PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) that is the left-inclining, and the conservative PP (Partido Popular). On nowadays the political prevailing gathering is the one that administers in the present. The provincial gatherings can be solid in self-ruling networks like Catalonia and the Basque Country because of a few clashes between these two that have been making national government alliances. The philosophy of PSOE is social vote based system and social majority rules system is a political belief system that believes itself to be a type of reformist just communism. Social vote based system dismisses the either or polarization translation of private enterprise versus communism (Busky, 2008, p. 8; Harrington, 1989, p. 93). This implies their conviction it comprise to be a power social majority rule government that bolsters the economy and offers advantages to the populace, similar to joblessness, food stamps, minimal effort protection and now and again absolutely free. Figure .Political Parties in CongressAccording to specialist Steger (1997), Social popular government in its present structure was initially evolved by revisionist Marxist Eduard Bernstein who contradicted universal Marxisms backing of transformation and class struggle, asserting that communism could be accomplished through developmental methods by means of delegate majority rules system and collaboration between individuals paying little mind to class (p. 146). This implies this gathering likewise implies that they can improve the social states of the populaces by diminishing the advantages of the business, causing the common laborers to get all credit than the business. The philosophy of PP (Partido Popular) is the traditionalist ideological group in Spain (Nordsieck, 2011, Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary races and ideological groups in Europe). This gathering was a refoundation in 1989 of the Peoples Alliance (Alianza Popular) and it was joined with little Christian majority rule and liberal gatherings. The PP was until November 2011 the biggest resistance in the Congress of Deputies, with one hundred fifty three out of 300 and fifty delegates, and the biggest party spoke to in the Senate, with one hundred and one out of 200 and eight representatives. Their belief system is focal and right, which implies that they have to advance the all out freedom for business and the state, can't be associated with the economy. Constituent System Spain utilizes a lion's share framework (the greater part), which in article 68 from the Constitution in the discretionary law of 1977 (rebuilt in 1985) depends on the corresponding portrayal framework, that as per Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, (2009) states that relative portrayal framework chooses agent by partys percent of vote, which implies each region sends a few delegates to parliament, not only one (pag. 70). The base of delegates must be 300 and the greatest 400 individuals from the parliament that are chosen by free, immediate, equivalent, and mystery vote in favor of a multi year time frame, it must acquire at least three percent of the vote so as to fit the bill for parliamentary portrayal. The democratic framework utilized is that of relative portrayal with shut gathering records, that mean voters can just decide in favor of ideological groups as a whole gathering and they need to choose who ever gets the most elevated positions is will in general get a protest the parliament. Following DHondt technique a scientific equation which somewhat over speaks to the bigger gatherings to the detriment of the littler ones (Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, 2009, p. 71) in each provision of Spain the constituent vote or testimonial must be appointed by at least two delegates for every fortune, this incorporates the self-ruling urban areas (out of Iberian Peninsula) of Ceuta and Melilla, every one of these two needs to allocated just a single appointee. Enactment can be opened by the Congress of Deputies and they are relegated to affirm or reject the laws embraced by the official government. They likewise have the ability to choose, the head administrator or the President of the Government. The head administrator can be expelled from his obligations because of a demonstration of positive support from the chosen parliament, and afterward it should be subbed. Political race framework likewise assists with majoring ideological groups in light of the fact that not just regions mind little populaces are over-spoken to. Spain has two gathering frameworks that littler and provincial gatherings gangs little portrayal, because of contrast in populace between fortunes, when the regions are completely spoken to, the representatives is little contrasting with a couple of significant gatherings, regardless of whether other littler gatherings figured out how to acquire in excess of three percent of the votes. The three percent to get in the Congress is ineffective in numerous territories, where the quantity of seats per voting demographic has a lower normal that the genuine delegates to be inside the Congress is adequately higher, for instance, the real number for the areas having three seats is twenty five percent, a lot higher than three percent, nonetheless, in regions, for example, Barcelona and Madrid, while the quantity of seats is a lot higher, the three percent to get it the Congress is as yet supportive to dispose of the littlest gatherings. Government mediation in the Economy After Dictator Francos demise, Spain passed a change to majority rule government in 1970s, despite the fact that a rapidly system of modernization occurred, the Spanish government assistance state was seen as of recently, that has been relative turned out week. There is a rundown of the primary issues this results has left is that the consideration has gone to be an administration issue, the interaction among levels of government, the government assistance blend and open help for social strategies. Another issue

Postmodernism as Artistic Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Postmodernism as Artistic Movement - Essay Example The exposition Postmodernism as Artistic Movement centers around postmodernism with regards to craftsmanship. The grand component, as a piece of postmodernism idea, is without distinct structure and is indefinable in this way it can't be given a particular visual structure. Nonetheless, the visual structure must propose some component of the brilliant. This is on the grounds that each noticeable structure is fit for recommending some more profound significance to various crowds at different levels paying little mind to the first goals of the craftsman. This is on the grounds that workmanship is comprehended to exist as a steady communication between the craftsman and the watcher, between what the craftsman made and how the watcher deciphers this creation dependent on singular experience, comprehension and setting. The postmodern development presented these thoughts. â€Å"The political and the tasteful are indistinguishable, at the same time present, countenances of the postmodern p roblematic†. These thoughts can be found by looking at the way of thinking behind the development and applying them to the fine art of a contemporary craftsman, for example, Jenny Holzer. Craftsmen today endeavor to pass on a feeling of the incommunicable in their work without relying upon the customary images and medicines of pragmatist craftsmanship. Scholar Jean-Francois Lyotard composed that the â€Å"only definition† of authenticity is that â€Å"it means to stay away from the topic of reality embroiled in that art†. The issue with authenticity is that the craftsman watches out for â€Å"pursue fruitful vocations in mass traditionalism by conveying by methods for the right principles.

Research Paper Topics in Food Science

<h1>Research Paper Topics in Food Science</h1><p>With such a large number of younger students taking up work in a scholarly foundation, it is imperative to ensure that they get adequate presentation to the absolute generally looked for after research paper points in food science. In what capacity will they plan for these? You have to discover what these exploration paper subjects are. You have to know why these subjects are so important.</p><p></p><p>If you need to give your understudies a decent establishing in explore paper points in food science, you ought to set them up first for these subjects. The two essential zones of the discovering that you can furnish them with are in any case, concentrating in the territories of arithmetic and the information about measurements. Besides, you can likewise assist them with comparable to the literature.</p><p></p><p>What makes a decent research paper subject in food science? A ll things considered, there are various points that understudies can browse. In any case, guarantee that the exploration paper points are identified with the subject at all conceivable way.</p><p></p><p>One of the best places to search for these examination paper themes in food science is on the web. There are sites on the web that permit you to post the subjects that you figure your understudies can utilize. You may need to explain a few things on the way that these themes are seriously, and not something made up by the school teacher.</p><p></p><p>You can discover the historical backdrop of the subject, or the sort of understudies the understudy's advantages lie in. These can assist you with bettering decide if the point you are going to instruct is fitting for your students.</p><p></p><p>It is imperative to discover which school you are managing also. You can even counsel the neighborhood region office to che ck whether you can get a few thoughts on what you should remember for the curriculum.</p><p></p><p>Some of the exploration paper points in food science are the advancement of the human body, the examination of diets, and furthermore the appraisal of food admission. It is significant that you additionally consider the various issues that are identified with the subjects. You ought to consistently recollect that regardless of how hard your understudies work, they will in any case should be given a lot of learning materials.</p>

How to Write a Good Introduction Essay

<h1>How to Write a Good Introduction Essay</h1><p>If you're wanting to compose a decent presentation article for your understudy, remember these tips. These are some demonstrated strategies that will assist you with making the best article possible.</p><p></p><p>To start, ensure that you incorporate the entirety of the most significant components of a presentation. To begin with, you ought to incorporate data about the understudy's training and achievements. Next, you ought to incorporate their character, objectives, and objectives for the future.</p><p></p><p>The other significant component of a presentation is its introduction. You need to make a composed report that is clear and convincing enough to get the consideration of the peruser. The thought is to catch the peruser's eye and told them that you are considering them.</p><p></p><p>Writing a decent acquaintance is very comparable with comp osing an article of any length. Similarly as you would in a standard composing task, you should utilize legitimate language and sentence structure to make your presentation as powerful as could be expected under the circumstances. You additionally need to pass on a desire to move quickly. The exact opposite thing you need to do is underestimate the peruser or to skip around, so be certain that you keep your composition as methodical as possible.</p><p></p><p>One increasingly key to composing a convincing presentation article is making a proposition explanation. This will clarify that you're just hoping to share something about the understudy. As opposed to just discussing the understudy by and large, clarify that you are just hoping to educate the peruser a tad concerning the understudy in a quite certain manner. A model may be 'I'll share with you why this understudy has such potential.'</p><p></p><p>As you keep on composing your pres entation paper, attempt to stay away from the 'why'what' questions. Rather, create sentences that contain a ton of insight concerning the understudy's particular gifts or capacities. For instance, 'This understudy is a magnificent understudy, as he generally figures out how to complete what he begins, has an amazing hard working attitude, and exceeds expectations in each subject with the exception of science.' These sorts of sentences will fill in as ground-breaking proofs that you find out about the understudy than his teacher.</p><p></p><p>Just as the remainder of your article ought to adhere to these fundamental guidelines, your presentation ought to be too. Keep in mind, you need to go through positive words to publicity the peruser so as to stand out enough to be noticed and interest.</p><p></p><p>A great prologue to an understudy's latent capacity can do ponders for a battling understudy. At the point when you join this style of composing into your understudy's evaluation, you're helping the person in question to see the master plan in a progressively complete way.</p>

A New Math Course For Prospective College Students

<h1>A New Math Course For Prospective College Students</h1><p>College-level arithmetic is currently a prerequisite for entrance in Brooklyn College. The normal understudy has minimal possibility of getting a palatable or even secondary school grade in science, so the school is moving itself to incorporate a greater amount of the subject as a component of the ordinary educational program. Forthcoming understudies in the Brooklyn College Mathematics Department may think it is an unordinary approach for a private establishment to empower such study.</p><p></p><p>Math is one of the center subjects at Brooklyn College, which obliges understudies all things considered and significant subjects, from pre-doctors to bookkeeping. Understudies can either step through the SAT exam prep or a medicinal course in math. The greater part of them are emphatically urged to take both. Understudies who have not taken SAT math may require some extra help.</p> ;<p></p><p>New math courses are being acquainted normally with stay aware of evolving arithmetic. Furthermore, understudies are instructed about both verification and the techniques by which arithmetical confirmations can be assembled. Most understudies in the math office at Brooklyn College have earned palatable evaluations in science. However, not many of them have been to school as a result of their inability to accomplish an acceptable grade.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to the math courses educated in the grounds math study hall, there are different choices for an understudy who is keen on going to a nearby school yet can't get a good evaluation in math. There are likewise online math courses offered by some school sites. These online courses are not instructed by educators, but instead by math coaches or affirmations advisors. Much further developed math can be learned by taking an online course. The individuals who learn at Brooklyn Coll ege for not exactly a year may discover a privately licensed program is the most helpful course to success.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies who don't have adequate math planning before applying to school will find that math sets them up for every different class. The thinking procedure isused in almost every significant course, including those courses requiring variable based math, trigonometry, analytics, and measurements. The analytics course specifically plans understudies for some different sorts of math, including progressed algebra.</p><p></p><p>Classes in material science and science might be the exemption, yet just in principle. Understudies with no information on analytics or material science may get themselves caught off guard for school. Significantly progressively troubling for them, they might be burdened with an understudy advance that makes it difficult to proceed studies.</p><p></p><p>Math isn't o nly for the rich or the well known. It gets ready understudies for life when all is said in done. Planned understudies who may be worried about their capacity to measure up in math ought to painstakingly consider going to a school that offers the best course in mathematics.</p>

TrueVentures

TrueVentures INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are in Palo Alto in the True Ventures office. Hi, Jon. Who are you and what do you do?Jon: So my name is Jon Callaghan and I’m one of the founders of True Ventures. We started our firm in 2005, so we are celebrating our 10th year anniversary right now. But before starting True, I was an entrepreneur and a venture capitalist. So I’ve started three different companies as a founder myself, the first of which I started in 1987 as I was 18. And then I’ve started two other companies since then and True as a venture firm. I started my venture capital career formally in 1991 at Summit Partners and I’ve had a lot of very traditional venture capital experience before starting this firm.Martin: What type of companies have you been investing before the Internet era, so to speak?Jon: Yes. So I started my venture capital career and, frankly, entrepreneurship, my first company was a bike company.Martin: A bike?Jon: Yes. Mountain bike store and all sorts of o ther things at a couple of locations in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. That’s where I grew up, and it was a mountain bike only company. And the story is interesting because there’s an entrepreneurial insight that kicked off my entire career. But I was working very hard. I was on my way to college, working very hard for the summer with various summer jobs to save up enough money to go to college and for spending money, I wanted to buy a mountain bike. And the problem was mountain bikes weren’t that well-known at that point in time. So again, 1987 they were just starting, and I went to the local store in Wyoming with my checkbook and I had $700 to spend. I knew exactly the bike I wanted, specialized Stump jumper Sport, orange. It was great. I walked into the shop and the owner of the bike shop threw me out, and he said, “Mountain bikes, they’re never going to be popular. It’s all about road bikes. Get out of my store. Mountain bikes have no future.”And so I thought he was wrong because I saw the big opportunity for mountain biking. Anyway, it’s a new market is the analogy. The insight I had was, “Hey, wait. There’s this new market happening in the cycling world. So if they don’t see it, if the existing market and the existing vendors don’t see it, then I will start my own.” So I literally started my own mountain bike only business. I owned it and ran it for eight years and learned how to be an entrepreneur literally through the hard work that it takes to start something from scratch, sweep the floors, manage cash, all sort of thing.Other than that retail sporting goods, I’ve been predominantly in software and the Internet. And so I started my software investing career in 1991 again at Summit and did a lot of the early enterprise software and, frankly, a lot of the early online services before it was the Internet. I was investing in and around it.Martin: Jon, what made you switch from being an entrepreneur to becoming an investor?Jon: I’ve s tayed an entrepreneur throughout. So I’ve been lucky enough to be around lots of great companies and been a part of starting lots of great companies. And, frankly, in my view as an early stage venture capitalist, that’s the part you’ve just got to love. You’ve got to love the entrepreneur, you’ve got to love the team challenge and the people part of the vision of the entrepreneur. You’ve got to love that it’s someone who sees a better world and you’re just finding a way to get on that path and build something truly remarkable.So what I do today as a venture capitalist is extraordinarily entrepreneurial. And in fact, we have 140 different investments at True. We have 250 founders that we work with pretty much on a regular basis to help their companies grow. And so one of the things I love about this business is that I’m immersed in entrepreneurship every day.So I wouldn’t say I really switched. And then quite frankly, my team and I, we started True as a startup, n ot as a venture capital firm. We thought the existing venture capital market was completely upside down, frankly. We thought that entrepreneurs were really the creative power in our economy and we should build a firm that supported them. The entrepreneurs are at the top of the pyramid, not the venture capitalists. We’re at the bottom providing capital, services, resources, anything we can possibly do to help that entrepreneur achieve his or her dreams. And so we really turn the whole market upside down. Even True is a startup. It’s been very entrepreneurial to build a better product, to test that product with customers, to build services around that product. We have our customer support organization. We have all of the things that a normal company has. We just do it in this weird, funny little market called venture capital.ABOUT TRUE VENTURESMartin: So this sounds to be more like closer to an accelerator or incubator. Is this true, or is it even something between an accelerator and a typically classical VC?Jon: I love all of those words. They do great things. Accelerators really work. Incubators, it depends on certain ones, and they do better than others. Incubators really work. For me, it’s just about again magnifying the power of the creative entrepreneur. We do it a little differently than most. We have tremendous capital resources, so we manage about a billion dollars in capital. Our funds are roughly $250 to $300 million in size. So we’re way bigger from a capital-based standpoint than any Accelerator or anything like that. But we enter at the same time.So our ideal investment is meeting one or two founders Day 1 when they’re just at the formative phase and providing the first check. Usually, our first investment is between $1 and $3 million, and it’s very small from a fund stand point. It’s literally less than a percent of the fund kind of thing, sometimes less than a half of 1%. So the fund is designed to take enormous risk on products and markets, so we get to do wild and crazy things like Fitbit before anyone saw a Fitbit, or 3D robotics, drones. We’re doing an awful lot right now in digital biology, in digital therapeutics. Neuroscience is a big thing for us. So really weird and wild places, and the reason we can do that is that our model is set up to provide enough capital Day 1 for that really creative founder. So again, between $1 to $3 million is not awful lot to get started and exploring market, but the best part about our model is we have tremendous muscle. So when it works, we can double, triple, quadruple. We can write a $10 million check behind something that an entrepreneur chooses to pursue.And so one of the things we say to our investors is our view on the world is that venture capital needs to be more about venture and less about capital. So we literally talk about maximizing risk. We don’t want to take a safe bet. So when people come to us and say, “Well, it’s the fourth SaaS company in the c ategory, and there’s a small advantage,” it’s just not interesting to us. If you can already see the category, it’s too late. So we really like to be in these markets that are potentially large and they’re five, six, seven years out because it takes a long time to build a great company and so we want as much time on the founder side and the market side to evolve.So again, what’s really exciting to us is that phenomenal team. We say we have five criteria, and they’re very strict. And they are.The first three are the same. It’s people. People, people, people. And that sounds like shorthand but it’s really true. All we really care about is working with obviously super great, creative and talented people, bold people. We want to see big ideas, people that have the ability to attract and retain amazing talent around them throughout their whole career. We want to be in business with givers, with people that are missionaries. Even if it’s in a technology-based market, w e want to be able to help people that want to make the world better. It doesn’t all need to be altruism. It can be capitalism, too. We’re capitalists. But we really want to see a founding team that wants to do more for the world. And so that leads us into some really exciting teams. Imagine, if you have that as a criteria. We want to be with the dreamers and the missionaries and the givers of the world and the really dynamic personalities that create things. We’re designed for those entrepreneurs.One of the things I always say when we make a first investment, I usually sit down with the founder and I say, “Please don’t be safe with our capital. I don’t want you to save it. Your job is to explore.” Think about yourself as an explorer. You’ve got a bunch of capital, you’ve got a bunch of connections, you’ve got a great team, but let’s go see what’s out there. And if we see something out there… By the way, it doesn’t necessarily need to be on a straight path either. It could be anywhere in your peripheral vision. Then we’d run like crazy at the target. But it’s not always clear early on.If you looked at Fitbit in 2008, the summer of ’08 when we met them, and you thought it was a pedometer, you’d be really, really wrong. The pedometer market that was tiny and there was no wearable market. People couldn’t even conceive that we could do this in a miniaturized fashion at scale with connectivity to smartphones, all that sort of thing. BLE wasn’t even a thing. There was no BLE. But now, of course, we understand that these markets are significantly larger. They’re much more horizontal than we ever thought and they’re also deeper.For the first time in history, the vast majority of our startups have customer numbers that are in the millions, sometimes billions. First time in history. We used to have a software company that would say, “Well, the target market is these 900 companies.” And maybe there’s another 2000. Or even with consumers, they’d say, “We’d have to do a national TV.” Who would do that? Only in the bubble. That’s not like that anymore. Now we have these incredibly powerful horizontal platforms that allow company startups, entrepreneurs to reach all corners of the world. So it’s super exciting.Martin: Awesome. Jon, when you started to do ventures roughly 10 years ago, what was it like in the beginning when you didn’t have a big number of LPs putting money into your funds and meaning you didn’t have a super awesome deal flow, pipeline, whatsoever? What was it like?Jon: Well, so it was very different. So we are entrepreneurs and we were entrepreneurs. And the thing people don’t understand or seem to forget, I should say, is that in 2005, the early stage was dead. Literally dead. Ron Conway was doing angel investments. Josh Kopelman had his tiny little $10 and $20 million annual funds. And both of those people are phenomenal and wonderful pioneers and successful practition ers. But the early stage market was dead. First of all, venture capital was biggering, meaning raising larger and larger funds. And when you have a larger fund traditionally (this is not the case with True), when you have a bigger checkbook, you write bigger checks. So typically, the larger the fund, the later stage in the cycle a venture capitalist moved.So there are several popular phrases back then. First of all, it was: “Early stage is dead.” The other one was: “You don’t get paid for early stage risk.” These are all on quotes. These are not my sayings, to be clear. And the other one was: “The world doesn’t need another venture capital firm.” So this is what we were up against. And fortunately, my co-founder, Phil Black, and I and other entrepreneurs and partners who were helping us put all this together and my other founders as well who were involved back then, we had very successful entrepreneurial track records. So my founders and I had successful entrepreneur ial track records, successful venture capital track records, but still there was this perception that the world didn’t need an early stage venture capital firm.The other important trend to talk about… So venture capital was going through two changes that moved it away from seed and series A. The first of which was it was biggering. Larger fund sizes meant larger checks. The second of which was what I call it was getting distracted. Through the early 2000’s, venture capital was getting distracted. You had China funds, India funds. You had clean techs. There was a group that did a pandemic fund. All these specialty funds that were in anything other than core early stage technology. I used to say that if you wanted to see the vast majority of Sand Hill Road venture capitalists, they were on their way back and forth to China and India. And those regions were really, really exciting and hot, but what it meant was the vast majority of practicing venture capital partners weren’t he re in the valley, spending time in early stage. It was very desolate.Martin: There’s the opportunity.Jon: That’s what we saw. So we saw, “Wait a second. Venture capital is moving away from its core. The Valley is still very innovative.” And oh, guess what. Because we were entrepreneurs and close to the ecosystem, my partner Tony Schneider started a company called Oddpost and he sold it to Yahoo. It was one of the first DHTML apps built. So we saw Ajax, DHTML started to come out, and we also saw that the API structures were being broken apart, so Yahoo in those years offered their APIs to people. Google offered APIs to people. Amazon was starting.All of a sudden you could dechunk big parts of technology and reassemble them, and in those years, a term don’t use anymore, they were called mashups. So all of a sudden it wasn’t just the venture capitalists who were moving away. It was also that all of this entrepreneurial activity was happening, and Phil Black and I were at ot her firms and funding it. We were doing these small deals, and so we were on the ground seeing it. So when we came together, we said, “Wait a minute. Not only has venture capital moved away, but there’s this tremendous dynamic activity and it’s very capital efficient.”And so our idea, our big aha was what if you could build an incredibly powerful firm to do these super early stage seed deals. Not an angel firm. Nothing wrong with angel firms. They’re great. But actually a professionally funded venture capital firm that put the entrepreneur first that could assemble a portfolio of 20 to 30 companies where all the entrepreneurs could help each other out, could build a network.You build a lot of different networking groups over time, so you understand the power of collaboration and the power of really this intense help that when a group of people can help each other, their group can do a lot more than the individual. And so we just believed that and we’ve been successful ac ross our careers because of this network.So one of the most interesting things about starting True was we had a phenomenal deal flow. All these entrepreneurs that we had worked with over time and had a great collaborative philosophy rooted for us to get into business. They started companies themselves. Matt Mullenweg at WordPress or Seth at Meebo. I worked with Seth at Plaxo, Tod Sacerdoti at BrightRoll. I had worked with Tod at Plaxo. Again in the networking field, which is what your company does, these networks of relationships put us into business. And LPs said, “Wait a minute. There’s something contrarian about what these two people are talking about. And gosh, they have all this entrepreneurial support, and maybe there is this what we call gap ventures are moving away, entrepreneurs doing things that required less capital.” So entrepreneurs becoming more capital efficient. So this gap really became super clear.And like any great founder who sees a market, once we saw it, we couldn’t let go of it. And it didn’t matter if anyone else saw it. A lot of people laughed at us. I remember this great meeting. Big fancy firm. We were telling our friend what it was all about. We got this all the time, and they said, “How in the world are you going to start a firm? You don’t have any business card. There’s no big name of your big firm behind you. It’s never going to work.” And this other friend of ours would say something really great. And this was just a conventional wisdom. This is what every entrepreneur faces when he or she starts something new and bold. It’s the doubt.Another friend said to me. It was hilarious. He said: “Oh, that’s so cute. You’re building your nice little micro fund.” That firm is almost out of business, the one that he was at. Just thinking about the disruption that happens, the change that’s happened in the venture capital market. But it’s the same with every industry. Entrepreneurs come in and build new th ings, and sometimes they work and sometimes the incumbents fall. I had another friend. He’s a big fun guy and he was at a barbecue in my house, and he turned to me and he said, “You left a job to start a new…” He just said, “That’s crazy. No one can start a fund. The world doesn’t need another fund.”And so all of these doubts. And of course it’s very scary to start a company. So I would say that we are truly entrepreneurial and we have enormous empathy for every new founder we meet with because it’s still very fresh. Ten years later, it’s not that long ago. A week ago, we had a nice dinner. That was the 10th year to the day of when we signed the incorporation documents, when Phil and I signed them at a local restaurant here on a five-minute meeting. “We got to get this thing signed.” Very scrappy. But the other night I pulled out our founding documents, our first executive summary that was written roughly 10 years ago, the fall of ’05.The words we used ar e interesting. We talked about freedom for the entrepreneur. We talked about empowering creativity with small bits of money and enormous degrees of freedom. So this whole idea of exploring a market together because we have a lot of capital behind us if you find something but not constraining the possibilities they want, literally liberating the possibilities they want. We talked about building a firm that prioritizes relationships and values, just exceptional integrity around values, and working with people with whom we share those values.And we talked about the word platform, which it took us five years later to name our founder community, our founder platform. But in our founding documents, we say we want to be a platform for entrepreneurs, where they can come and collaborate and not feel like they’re going to their investor, actually feel like they’re going somewhere safe, where they can collaborate and talk about their problems and share best practices. And so we do that. We have this amazing founder camp, True University. We have an internship program, a fellowship program. We do YPO style forums for entrepreneurs. We just have all these amazing entrepreneurial resources that are fully designed to build more muscle and make the entrepreneur more successful over the entire arc of their career.It’s the other thing, too. So we had this very long term view, and we still do. Our goal is to build a 50-year firm, not a 10-year firm. And the only way you can do that is if you look at every entrepreneur and say, “What’s the arc or trajectory of this entrepreneur’s career?” and fund the ones that we want to follow their entire trajectory. So once we meet an entrepreneur that we fund, our objective isn’t just that one company. We want to fund everything he or she does for their whole career.Martin: This is very different from my perception from other VCs.Jon: Very different.Martin: So what have been your emotions when you had so many people at your h ome having barbecue and everybody was doubting and said, “Jon, forget it. Really, you are a nice guy, but forget it. Early stage is dead. Venture capital is dead. Don’t do it?” What type of emotions did you feel then, and how did you manage them, to put them in the right direction?Jon: It’s really hard and it’s really scary. We were turned down by tons of LPs saying No to us. We were turned down by tens, twenties, hundreds of LPs in the early days that didn’t see this. We were told by friends that it wouldn’t happen. We were told by the market that… All that kind of stuff. The emotions of being a founder are really, really difficult. I say that starting a company (this is one of the things that I talk with our founders about) is it’s this intensely personal thing. It’s not work. It requires all of you. And so that was hard. It was really hard. On the other hand, the more doubts that I saw in others, the more strongly convinced I became that we were onto something .Martin: Because if everybody else is saying, “No, no, no,” if there’s an opportunity and you the say yes, then you get all of them after.Jon: The way I phrase it to my founders, which I’ve lived, by the way, in every startup I’ve been successful in most of the investments, is “When people are laughing at you, you’re probably onto something.” I mean really, there are a lot of reasons why people are critical or laugh. Sometimes it’s because you’re off the mark. Normally it’s because they have a lot invested in their success and they can’t see another path or their fear. There’s a lot of reasons why conventional wisdom takes hold and then becomes conventional wisdom. And so therefore I’ve always been a contrarian my whole career, and I just love seeing something that others don’t.And by the way, I’m not always right. That’s fine. One of the biggest aha’s in my career, and it’s important too, is that at True we do not think about being right. That puts your brain into all these really very difficult judgmental places where creativity dies. Creativity flourishes when you have freedom of expression, freedom of degrees, and you can think about the possibilities. So there are requirements to being massively creative. The first of which is the stakes are sort of low from a dollar standpoint. What I mean by that is when all my friends and all the people were saying it’s never going to work, I thought, “Well, if I fail, there’s always something else.”We’re very fortunate in this day and age to have all sorts of options, all kinds of options that don’t necessarily need to be in Silicon Valley. There’s lots of ways I could find something to do and be constructive. But what if I didn’t try? I couldn’t sleep at night thinking that I wouldn’t try. That was the part that if there was one thing that completely freaked me out as a founder, it was not trying this. Literally, people say, “What keeps you up at night?” W ell, first of all, everything keeps you up at night. Everything. But the one thing that was literally terrifying was if I ended up later in my career and I never gave it a shot. That I couldn’t live with.And most of the founders I work with, that’s what it’s all about. They have this burning sensation to start this thing or build this thing or make the impact they see so clearly. And yes, you’ve got to persevere and you’ve got to really commit. You’ve got to work your tail off harder and longer than anyone in terms of the hours you put and all that kind of stuff. But there’s also this realization that if this doesn’t work, there are other things out there. There’s this global picture which is to say the world is a very exciting place right now and a very needy place for solutions. It’s like, “There’s an awful lot we could do here together.”So I think liberating your mind, if you get locked into “I have to,” “I can’t,” all these, then you start los ing the bigger picture. So we tend to continue even today. We don’t focus on being right on an initial investment. That’s not even relevant. We focus on the proper ingredients. Is the entrepreneur committed? Is there this crazy potential for market? Is there some technology? That kind of thing. And it’s very rigorous analysis. I’m not suggesting that it’s easy. It’s not easy but it’s different. It’s not judging. It’s more exploring. There’s a subtlety there.Martin: You touched very briefly one some of the criteria that you are using for the investment. One of them was doing some really crazy stuff. When an entrepreneur comes to you, how do you identify or evaluate that something is really awesome crazy?Jon: So I get in trouble with this all the time because I say there’s nothing too crazy for us and then sure enough I’ll see something and I’ll say, “Okay, that’s a crazy one.” But I think directionally we’re doing an awful lot in neuroscience right n ow. It’s a great example, where big data and frankly sometimes mobile technology and other types of horizontal platforms is meeting that absolute frontier of how we understand the brain and the power of the brain, both for output and input sensory and other. It’s a remarkably exciting field, and so we’re very excited about it. It’s in one way this great next frontier of scientific understanding, but there are also enormous markets that fall out of that research and of success there, and likewise digital therapeutics. So on the one hand, where big data meets healing, you might say that’s a computer science problem. It absolutely is, but it’s also a real health care problem. And health care and pharmaceuticals in the country and the world are really broken in some fundamental ways. And could we fix that? Yes. It’s absolutely crazy to think so but it’s working and it’s happening. And so we’re very much at the forefront there.We love robotics, and so when I met the f ounders of Open ROV, they make underwater submarines and drones and very low cost, very high performance, we got super excited. It was very hard to see. That was another one. Some of my closest friends and fellow entrepreneurs laughed at me. They called it my passion project, and I was like, “No, you just don’t see it. There are enormous applications that come out of building underwater robotics. And of course, right now that’s all starting to happen for the company.So you have to be able to see it through the eyes of the founder, most typically, because we’re not necessarily at a whiteboard saying, “This market. That market.” We really need the protagonist of a great founding team to come to us and say, “These are the three things that if they connect, it could be huge.”And so same thing. We’re really open. We’re super open to the big ideas. And we’re also… I was going to say patient but it’s more than that. We accept timing risk. So one of the things abou t when you say you want to maximize product risk, there’s no product we invest almost always. We want to maximize market risk. If we’re doing it right, there’s no market for what we’re building with the team. And we want to maximize timing risk, and this is one of the most highly controversial aspect of this discussion because a lot of investors will say timing risk will kill you. And it absolutely can kill you. It can also make you. If you’re early in a big market and you’re one of the first participants in a big market, you have the opportunity to get outstanding share. You have the opportunity to lead. It doesn’t mean you’ll always get it. Someone else will come from behind and beat you, but that risk is worth it to us. And of course, you can be too early, you can be too late. There are all sorts of things that happen. But we really embrace this notion that good things take time.I was with a team very recently, and they showed me a plan, and it was “Hit the mark et within six months and 18.” It was a very exciting man and woman founding team. And I said, “It’s a marathon. Don’t sprint. Building a company and tapping into a market, and they brought these incredible résumés and incredible experiences, very seasoned. We all know this is a marathon. So I’m not interested in 18 months. What’s five years? Tell me seven years. How? So again, timing risk is super important to success. And giving yourself all sorts of degrees of freedom is the other thing timing does.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM JON CALLAGHAN In Palo Alto (CA), we meet Partner at True Ventures, Jon Callaghan. Jon talks about how he became a venture capitalist and what his major learnings for entrepreneurs are.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are in Palo Alto in the True Ventures office. Hi, Jon. Who are you and what do you do?Jon: So my name is Jon Callaghan and I’m one of the founders of True Ventures. We started our firm in 2005, so we are celebrating our 10th year anniversary right now. But before starting True, I was an entrepreneur and a venture capitalist. So I’ve started three different companies as a founder myself, the first of which I started in 1987 as I was 18. And then I’ve started two other companies since then and True as a venture firm. I started my venture capital career formally in 1991 at Summit Partners and I’ve had a lot of very traditional venture capital experience before starting this firm.Martin: What type of companies have you been investing before the Internet era, so to speak?Jon: Yes. So I started my venture capital career and, frankly, entrepreneurship, my first company was a bike company.Martin: A bike?Jon: Yes. Mountain bike store and all sorts of other things at a couple of locations in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. That’s where I grew up, and it was a mountain bike only company. And the story is interesting because there’s an entrepreneurial insight that kicked off my entire career. But I was working very hard. I was on my way to college, working very hard for the summer with various summer jobs to save up enough money to go to college and for spending money, I wanted to buy a mountain bike. And the problem was mountain bikes weren’t that well-known at that point in time. So again, 1987 they were just starting, and I went to the local store in Wyoming with my checkbook and I had $700 to spend. I knew exactly the bike I wanted, specialized Stump jumper Sport, orange. It was great. I walked into the shop and the owner of the bike shop threw me out, and he said, “Mountain bikes, they’re never going to be popular. It’s all about road bikes. Get out of my store. Mountain bikes have no future.”And so I thought he was wrong because I saw the big opportunity for mountain biking. Anyway, it’s a new market is the analogy. The insight I had was, “Hey, wait. There’s this new market happening in the cycling world. So if they don’t see it, if the existing market and the existing vendors don’t see it, then I will start my own.” So I literally started my own mountain bike only business. I owned it and ran it for eight years and learned how to be an entrepreneur literally through the hard work that it takes to start something from scratch, sweep the floors, manage cash, all sort of thing.Other than that retail sporting goods, I’ve been predominantly in software and the Internet. And so I started my software investing career in 1991 again at Summit and did a lot of the early enterprise software and, frankly, a lot of the early onlin e services before it was the Internet. I was investing in and around it.Martin: Jon, what made you switch from being an entrepreneur to becoming an investor?Jon: I’ve stayed an entrepreneur throughout. So I’ve been lucky enough to be around lots of great companies and been a part of starting lots of great companies. And, frankly, in my view as an early stage venture capitalist, that’s the part you’ve just got to love. You’ve got to love the entrepreneur, you’ve got to love the team challenge and the people part of the vision of the entrepreneur. You’ve got to love that it’s someone who sees a better world and you’re just finding a way to get on that path and build something truly remarkable.So what I do today as a venture capitalist is extraordinarily entrepreneurial. And in fact, we have 140 different investments at True. We have 250 founders that we work with pretty much on a regular basis to help their companies grow. And so one of the things I love about this b usiness is that I’m immersed in entrepreneurship every day.So I wouldn’t say I really switched. And then quite frankly, my team and I, we started True as a startup, not as a venture capital firm. We thought the existing venture capital market was completely upside down, frankly. We thought that entrepreneurs were really the creative power in our economy and we should build a firm that supported them. The entrepreneurs are at the top of the pyramid, not the venture capitalists. We’re at the bottom providing capital, services, resources, anything we can possibly do to help that entrepreneur achieve his or her dreams. And so we really turn the whole market upside down. Even True is a startup. It’s been very entrepreneurial to build a better product, to test that product with customers, to build services around that product. We have our customer support organization. We have all of the things that a normal company has. We just do it in this weird, funny little market called vent ure capital.ABOUT TRUE VENTURESMartin: So this sounds to be more like closer to an accelerator or incubator. Is this true, or is it even something between an accelerator and a typically classical VC?Jon: I love all of those words. They do great things. Accelerators really work. Incubators, it depends on certain ones, and they do better than others. Incubators really work. For me, it’s just about again magnifying the power of the creative entrepreneur. We do it a little differently than most. We have tremendous capital resources, so we manage about a billion dollars in capital. Our funds are roughly $250 to $300 million in size. So we’re way bigger from a capital-based standpoint than any Accelerator or anything like that. But we enter at the same time.So our ideal investment is meeting one or two founders Day 1 when they’re just at the formative phase and providing the first check. Usually, our first investment is between $1 and $3 million, and it’s very small from a fund st and point. It’s literally less than a percent of the fund kind of thing, sometimes less than a half of 1%. So the fund is designed to take enormous risk on products and markets, so we get to do wild and crazy things like Fitbit before anyone saw a Fitbit, or 3D robotics, drones. We’re doing an awful lot right now in digital biology, in digital therapeutics. Neuroscience is a big thing for us. So really weird and wild places, and the reason we can do that is that our model is set up to provide enough capital Day 1 for that really creative founder. So again, between $1 to $3 million is not awful lot to get started and exploring market, but the best part about our model is we have tremendous muscle. So when it works, we can double, triple, quadruple. We can write a $10 million check behind something that an entrepreneur chooses to pursue.And so one of the things we say to our investors is our view on the world is that venture capital needs to be more about venture and less about ca pital. So we literally talk about maximizing risk. We don’t want to take a safe bet. So when people come to us and say, “Well, it’s the fourth SaaS company in the category, and there’s a small advantage,” it’s just not interesting to us. If you can already see the category, it’s too late. So we really like to be in these markets that are potentially large and they’re five, six, seven years out because it takes a long time to build a great company and so we want as much time on the founder side and the market side to evolve.So again, what’s really exciting to us is that phenomenal team. We say we have five criteria, and they’re very strict. And they are.The first three are the same. It’s people. People, people, people. And that sounds like shorthand but it’s really true. All we really care about is working with obviously super great, creative and talented people, bold people. We want to see big ideas, people that have the ability to attract and retain amazing talent around them throughout their whole career. We want to be in business with givers, with people that are missionaries. Even if it’s in a technology-based market, we want to be able to help people that want to make the world better. It doesn’t all need to be altruism. It can be capitalism, too. We’re capitalists. But we really want to see a founding team that wants to do more for the world. And so that leads us into some really exciting teams. Imagine, if you have that as a criteria. We want to be with the dreamers and the missionaries and the givers of the world and the really dynamic personalities that create things. We’re designed for those entrepreneurs.One of the things I always say when we make a first investment, I usually sit down with the founder and I say, “Please don’t be safe with our capital. I don’t want you to save it. Your job is to explore.” Think about yourself as an explorer. You’ve got a bunch of capital, you’ve got a bunch of connections, you’ve got a great team, but let’s go see what’s out there. And if we see something out there… By the way, it doesn’t necessarily need to be on a straight path either. It could be anywhere in your peripheral vision. Then we’d run like crazy at the target. But it’s not always clear early on.If you looked at Fitbit in 2008, the summer of ’08 when we met them, and you thought it was a pedometer, you’d be really, really wrong. The pedometer market that was tiny and there was no wearable market. People couldn’t even conceive that we could do this in a miniaturized fashion at scale with connectivity to smartphones, all that sort of thing. BLE wasn’t even a thing. There was no BLE. But now, of course, we understand that these markets are significantly larger. They’re much more horizontal than we ever thought and they’re also deeper.For the first time in history, the vast majority of our startups have customer numbers that are in the millions, sometimes billions. First time in history. We used to have a software company that would say, “Well, the target market is these 900 companies.” And maybe there’s another 2000. Or even with consumers, they’d say, “We’d have to do a national TV.” Who would do that? Only in the bubble. That’s not like that anymore. Now we have these incredibly powerful horizontal platforms that allow company startups, entrepreneurs to reach all corners of the world. So it’s super exciting.Martin: Awesome. Jon, when you started to do ventures roughly 10 years ago, what was it like in the beginning when you didn’t have a big number of LPs putting money into your funds and meaning you didn’t have a super awesome deal flow, pipeline, whatsoever? What was it like?Jon: Well, so it was very different. So we are entrepreneurs and we were entrepreneurs. And the thing people don’t understand or seem to forget, I should say, is that in 2005, the early stage was dead. Literally dead. Ron Conway was doing angel investments. Josh Kopelman had his tiny little $10 and $20 million annual funds. And both of those people are phenomenal and wonderful pioneers and successful practitioners. But the early stage market was dead. First of all, venture capital was biggering, meaning raising larger and larger funds. And when you have a larger fund traditionally (this is not the case with True), when you have a bigger checkbook, you write bigger checks. So typically, the larger the fund, the later stage in the cycle a venture capitalist moved.So there are several popular phrases back then. First of all, it was: “Early stage is dead.” The other one was: “You don’t get paid for early stage risk.” These are all on quotes. These are not my sayings, to be clear. And the other one was: “The world doesn’t need another venture capital firm.” So this is what we were up against. And fortunately, my co-founder, Phil Black, and I and other entrepreneurs and partners who were helping us put all this together and my other founders as well who were involved back then, we had very successful entrepreneurial track records. So my founders and I had successful entrepreneurial track records, successful venture capital track records, but still there was this perception that the world didn’t need an early stage venture capital firm.The other important trend to talk about… So venture capital was going through two changes that moved it away from seed and series A. The first of which was it was biggering. Larger fund sizes meant larger checks. The second of which was what I call it was getting distracted. Through the early 2000’s, venture capital was getting distracted. You had China funds, India funds. You had clean techs. There was a group that did a pandemic fund. All these specialty funds that were in anything other than core early stage technology. I used to say that if you wanted to see the vast majority of Sand Hill Road venture capitalists, they were on their way back and for th to China and India. And those regions were really, really exciting and hot, but what it meant was the vast majority of practicing venture capital partners weren’t here in the valley, spending time in early stage. It was very desolate.Martin: There’s the opportunity.Jon: That’s what we saw. So we saw, “Wait a second. Venture capital is moving away from its core. The Valley is still very innovative.” And oh, guess what. Because we were entrepreneurs and close to the ecosystem, my partner Tony Schneider started a company called Oddpost and he sold it to Yahoo. It was one of the first DHTML apps built. So we saw Ajax, DHTML started to come out, and we also saw that the API structures were being broken apart, so Yahoo in those years offered their APIs to people. Google offered APIs to people. Amazon was starting.All of a sudden you could dechunk big parts of technology and reassemble them, and in those years, a term don’t use anymore, they were called mashups. So all of a sudden it wasn’t just the venture capitalists who were moving away. It was also that all of this entrepreneurial activity was happening, and Phil Black and I were at other firms and funding it. We were doing these small deals, and so we were on the ground seeing it. So when we came together, we said, “Wait a minute. Not only has venture capital moved away, but there’s this tremendous dynamic activity and it’s very capital efficient.”And so our idea, our big aha was what if you could build an incredibly powerful firm to do these super early stage seed deals. Not an angel firm. Nothing wrong with angel firms. They’re great. But actually a professionally funded venture capital firm that put the entrepreneur first that could assemble a portfolio of 20 to 30 companies where all the entrepreneurs could help each other out, could build a network.You build a lot of different networking groups over time, so you understand the power of collaboration and the power of really this in tense help that when a group of people can help each other, their group can do a lot more than the individual. And so we just believed that and we’ve been successful across our careers because of this network.So one of the most interesting things about starting True was we had a phenomenal deal flow. All these entrepreneurs that we had worked with over time and had a great collaborative philosophy rooted for us to get into business. They started companies themselves. Matt Mullenweg at WordPress or Seth at Meebo. I worked with Seth at Plaxo, Tod Sacerdoti at BrightRoll. I had worked with Tod at Plaxo. Again in the networking field, which is what your company does, these networks of relationships put us into business. And LPs said, “Wait a minute. There’s something contrarian about what these two people are talking about. And gosh, they have all this entrepreneurial support, and maybe there is this what we call gap ventures are moving away, entrepreneurs doing things that requi red less capital.” So entrepreneurs becoming more capital efficient. So this gap really became super clear.And like any great founder who sees a market, once we saw it, we couldn’t let go of it. And it didn’t matter if anyone else saw it. A lot of people laughed at us. I remember this great meeting. Big fancy firm. We were telling our friend what it was all about. We got this all the time, and they said, “How in the world are you going to start a firm? You don’t have any business card. There’s no big name of your big firm behind you. It’s never going to work.” And this other friend of ours would say something really great. And this was just a conventional wisdom. This is what every entrepreneur faces when he or she starts something new and bold. It’s the doubt.Another friend said to me. It was hilarious. He said: “Oh, that’s so cute. You’re building your nice little micro fund.” That firm is almost out of business, the one that he was at. Just thinking abou t the disruption that happens, the change that’s happened in the venture capital market. But it’s the same with every industry. Entrepreneurs come in and build new things, and sometimes they work and sometimes the incumbents fall. I had another friend. He’s a big fun guy and he was at a barbecue in my house, and he turned to me and he said, “You left a job to start a new…” He just said, “That’s crazy. No one can start a fund. The world doesn’t need another fund.”And so all of these doubts. And of course it’s very scary to start a company. So I would say that we are truly entrepreneurial and we have enormous empathy for every new founder we meet with because it’s still very fresh. Ten years later, it’s not that long ago. A week ago, we had a nice dinner. That was the 10th year to the day of when we signed the incorporation documents, when Phil and I signed them at a local restaurant here on a five-minute meeting. “We got to get this thing signed.” Very s crappy. But the other night I pulled out our founding documents, our first executive summary that was written roughly 10 years ago, the fall of ’05.The words we used are interesting. We talked about freedom for the entrepreneur. We talked about empowering creativity with small bits of money and enormous degrees of freedom. So this whole idea of exploring a market together because we have a lot of capital behind us if you find something but not constraining the possibilities they want, literally liberating the possibilities they want. We talked about building a firm that prioritizes relationships and values, just exceptional integrity around values, and working with people with whom we share those values.And we talked about the word platform, which it took us five years later to name our founder community, our founder platform. But in our founding documents, we say we want to be a platform for entrepreneurs, where they can come and collaborate and not feel like they’re going to t heir investor, actually feel like they’re going somewhere safe, where they can collaborate and talk about their problems and share best practices. And so we do that. We have this amazing founder camp, True University. We have an internship program, a fellowship program. We do YPO style forums for entrepreneurs. We just have all these amazing entrepreneurial resources that are fully designed to build more muscle and make the entrepreneur more successful over the entire arc of their career.It’s the other thing, too. So we had this very long term view, and we still do. Our goal is to build a 50-year firm, not a 10-year firm. And the only way you can do that is if you look at every entrepreneur and say, “What’s the arc or trajectory of this entrepreneur’s career?” and fund the ones that we want to follow their entire trajectory. So once we meet an entrepreneur that we fund, our objective isn’t just that one company. We want to fund everything he or she does for their whole career.Martin: This is very different from my perception from other VCs.Jon: Very different.Martin: So what have been your emotions when you had so many people at your home having barbecue and everybody was doubting and said, “Jon, forget it. Really, you are a nice guy, but forget it. Early stage is dead. Venture capital is dead. Don’t do it?” What type of emotions did you feel then, and how did you manage them, to put them in the right direction?Jon: It’s really hard and it’s really scary. We were turned down by tons of LPs saying No to us. We were turned down by tens, twenties, hundreds of LPs in the early days that didn’t see this. We were told by friends that it wouldn’t happen. We were told by the market that… All that kind of stuff. The emotions of being a founder are really, really difficult. I say that starting a company (this is one of the things that I talk with our founders about) is it’s this intensely personal thing. It’s not work. It requires all o f you. And so that was hard. It was really hard. On the other hand, the more doubts that I saw in others, the more strongly convinced I became that we were onto something.Martin: Because if everybody else is saying, “No, no, no,” if there’s an opportunity and you the say yes, then you get all of them after.Jon: The way I phrase it to my founders, which I’ve lived, by the way, in every startup I’ve been successful in most of the investments, is “When people are laughing at you, you’re probably onto something.” I mean really, there are a lot of reasons why people are critical or laugh. Sometimes it’s because you’re off the mark. Normally it’s because they have a lot invested in their success and they can’t see another path or their fear. There’s a lot of reasons why conventional wisdom takes hold and then becomes conventional wisdom. And so therefore I’ve always been a contrarian my whole career, and I just love seeing something that others don’t.And by t he way, I’m not always right. That’s fine. One of the biggest aha’s in my career, and it’s important too, is that at True we do not think about being right. That puts your brain into all these really very difficult judgmental places where creativity dies. Creativity flourishes when you have freedom of expression, freedom of degrees, and you can think about the possibilities. So there are requirements to being massively creative. The first of which is the stakes are sort of low from a dollar standpoint. What I mean by that is when all my friends and all the people were saying it’s never going to work, I thought, “Well, if I fail, there’s always something else.”We’re very fortunate in this day and age to have all sorts of options, all kinds of options that don’t necessarily need to be in Silicon Valley. There’s lots of ways I could find something to do and be constructive. But what if I didn’t try? I couldn’t sleep at night thinking that I wouldn’t try. Tha t was the part that if there was one thing that completely freaked me out as a founder, it was not trying this. Literally, people say, “What keeps you up at night?” Well, first of all, everything keeps you up at night. Everything. But the one thing that was literally terrifying was if I ended up later in my career and I never gave it a shot. That I couldn’t live with.And most of the founders I work with, that’s what it’s all about. They have this burning sensation to start this thing or build this thing or make the impact they see so clearly. And yes, you’ve got to persevere and you’ve got to really commit. You’ve got to work your tail off harder and longer than anyone in terms of the hours you put and all that kind of stuff. But there’s also this realization that if this doesn’t work, there are other things out there. There’s this global picture which is to say the world is a very exciting place right now and a very needy place for solutions. It’s like, “T here’s an awful lot we could do here together.”So I think liberating your mind, if you get locked into “I have to,” “I can’t,” all these, then you start losing the bigger picture. So we tend to continue even today. We don’t focus on being right on an initial investment. That’s not even relevant. We focus on the proper ingredients. Is the entrepreneur committed? Is there this crazy potential for market? Is there some technology? That kind of thing. And it’s very rigorous analysis. I’m not suggesting that it’s easy. It’s not easy but it’s different. It’s not judging. It’s more exploring. There’s a subtlety there.Martin: You touched very briefly one some of the criteria that you are using for the investment. One of them was doing some really crazy stuff. When an entrepreneur comes to you, how do you identify or evaluate that something is really awesome crazy?Jon: So I get in trouble with this all the time because I say there’s nothing too crazy for u s and then sure enough I’ll see something and I’ll say, “Okay, that’s a crazy one.” But I think directionally we’re doing an awful lot in neuroscience right now. It’s a great example, where big data and frankly sometimes mobile technology and other types of horizontal platforms is meeting that absolute frontier of how we understand the brain and the power of the brain, both for output and input sensory and other. It’s a remarkably exciting field, and so we’re very excited about it. It’s in one way this great next frontier of scientific understanding, but there are also enormous markets that fall out of that research and of success there, and likewise digital therapeutics. So on the one hand, where big data meets healing, you might say that’s a computer science problem. It absolutely is, but it’s also a real health care problem. And health care and pharmaceuticals in the country and the world are really broken in some fundamental ways. And could we fix that? Y es. It’s absolutely crazy to think so but it’s working and it’s happening. And so we’re very much at the forefront there.We love robotics, and so when I met the founders of Open ROV, they make underwater submarines and drones and very low cost, very high performance, we got super excited. It was very hard to see. That was another one. Some of my closest friends and fellow entrepreneurs laughed at me. They called it my passion project, and I was like, “No, you just don’t see it. There are enormous applications that come out of building underwater robotics. And of course, right now that’s all starting to happen for the company.So you have to be able to see it through the eyes of the founder, most typically, because we’re not necessarily at a whiteboard saying, “This market. That market.” We really need the protagonist of a great founding team to come to us and say, “These are the three things that if they connect, it could be huge.”And so same thing. We’re re ally open. We’re super open to the big ideas. And we’re also… I was going to say patient but it’s more than that. We accept timing risk. So one of the things about when you say you want to maximize product risk, there’s no product we invest almost always. We want to maximize market risk. If we’re doing it right, there’s no market for what we’re building with the team. And we want to maximize timing risk, and this is one of the most highly controversial aspect of this discussion because a lot of investors will say timing risk will kill you. And it absolutely can kill you. It can also make you. If you’re early in a big market and you’re one of the first participants in a big market, you have the opportunity to get outstanding share. You have the opportunity to lead. It doesn’t mean you’ll always get it. Someone else will come from behind and beat you, but that risk is worth it to us. And of course, you can be too early, you can be too late. There are all sorts of things that happen. But we really embrace this notion that good things take time.I was with a team very recently, and they showed me a plan, and it was “Hit the market within six months and 18.” It was a very exciting man and woman founding team. And I said, “It’s a marathon. Don’t sprint. Building a company and tapping into a market, and they brought these incredible résumés and incredible experiences, very seasoned. We all know this is a marathon. So I’m not interested in 18 months. What’s five years? Tell me seven years. How? So again, timing risk is super important to success. And giving yourself all sorts of degrees of freedom is the other thing timing does.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM JON CALLAGHANMartin: Jon, you have so much entrepreneurial experience and experience as an investor. What have been the major learnings that you’ve seen over the years which you can share with first time entrepreneurs?Jon: Yes. It is all about the people. There’s nothing mo re. And I would say another angle, another perspective on that, it’s all about values. First of all, it’s completely overwhelming to be a first time entrepreneur, and the truth of the matter is that no one has the answers. None of us know what to do. So a lot of times, an entrepreneur, when they start they’d be like, “I don’t know what to do, but somebody else must,” and that kind of thing. And so there are a few absolutes that I would think about. The first is people and values. Don’t waste time with people that don’t share your values, and prioritize the relationships around you.And what do I mean by that? So a lot of interesting things come out of that. So for example, if you value collaboration, which we do, and you value transparency and you value the human element and being very honest and present about how hard it is, you get lots of support. And the support comes in interesting ways. Of course, it’s like someone there to talk to about what’s upsetting you or what’s your challenge or what’s the biggest thing you’re worried about or whatever, but it’s also ideas. When you talk to people about the challenge you have and you have this group around you that understands your quest and what you’re on, people will help. And if you’ll help others, people will help.And so it’s more than just “It’s all about the people.” It’s more than just “I’ll get the résumé out of this company or that company or the Google engineer and this.” That’s important. You have to have the right skills around you, but there are a lot of great skills. There are people with all kinds of incredible skills. Much more important is to prioritize people that share your same values. And that can be a performance edge. That can be a communication style. That can be design. There’s lots of manifestations of values, but put that first. Absolutely put that first.The other is again this notion we talked about too, about time. I think people who think about their quest as a missionary quest tend to understand that it’s a really long road and there are millions of decisions you need to make properly in order to get through this path, or there are a million decisions you need to make to succeed. So the missionaries have this longer view. People who are more mercenary like, “I just want to manipulate this little edge,” tend to think in very short term decision making windows and tend to get in trouble. So we would encourage, I always encourage boldness. I encourage really long term thinking. If you don’t see a five-year, ten-year market here, don’t bother. It’s way too hard to hit a teeny little window of a couple of years. You need to be planning on very, very large trends and very, very long timeframes. And set yourself up properly for that kind of success. Give yourself a chance. And it’s not just the dollars. It’s about expectation. It’s about the team you build. So for example, where the rubber meets th e road on this one is it’s all about a great engineering team. Well, don’t put the great engineering team where you think one or two of them are going to turn out a year because they tell you that. “I’m only in it for a quick…” Things like that have really long term ramifications.I think the other thing that we talk to our founders about is you just have to operate with incredible speed and clarity. Optimization is not really important in these early things. And it’s true. I keep coming back to value. If your value is driven in relationships during the decision, you’re pretty easy. What’s the right thing for the customer? Okay, let’s do that. Are there risks to it? Probably there are risks to it. How can we minimize this risk? There are probably a few ways we could minimize this risk. Do we violate something with the customer? Yes. Okay, don’t do that. You can follow these decision trees. Hiring. Everything.I always say, “Put your team first, customer second. ” First, the values have to come from your team and your people around the table, and then they will properly radiate to the customers. And I think that’s really important. Even in remarkably successful companies where the sky is the limit, the sky is the limit because every single day your 500 employees know what you stand for and every single day they’re out with customers standing for that same thing. It magnifies your potential impact and customers feel authenticity. You feel it when you buy coffee or when you fly in Virgin. The choices we make typically associate with authentic brands, the brands that mean something, that resonates with you. Apple for design. That’s interesting. But I think every startup has that opportunity. It’s this really important common core of values, of vision, of long term time horizon.Martin: Cool. Jon, thank you so much for sharing with us.Jon: Yes. Absolutely. Great to see you. Thank you.Martin: And next time, if you are building a company , focus really on the values. So if you are just hiring your starting team, don’t only look at their résumé but really whether they are resonating with your values and the values of the company because in the end there are millions of decisions you need to do, and if you are value-driven, then it’s easier. Thanks so much. Great.Jon: Thank you, Martin.

How to Write an APA Research Paper

<h1>How to Write an APA Research Paper</h1><p>If you are an understudy studying Psychology, it is essential to know about the APA Research Paper subject prerequisites. Similarly as in some other course, there are distinctive paper theme prerequisites for Psychology majors. Numerous understudies may not understand this, however there are unmistakable prerequisites that must be met. Likewise, these prerequisites contrast from one Psychology major to another.</p><p></p><p>A great therapist must have the option to show their insight into the mental hypotheses about human conduct. Brain science majors should likewise have the option to express these hypotheses and how they apply to their own life and others. With this comprehension of how to complete your paper, here are a few hints that will assist you with your APA Research Paper.</p><p></p><p>First, you ought to consistently guarantee that you have a theme that you have investigated altogether. In the event that you are a history major, you would need to investigate the historical backdrop of brain science and the different hypotheses that have been proposed by analysts throughout the years. Realizing this data is an incredible device in helping you make an essay.</p><p></p><p>Next, you ought to consistently ensure that your APA Research Paper is completely reported. You will need to take pictures if conceivable, and record all information, including names, dates, and so on. Recollect that this information ought to be effectively recognizable, so you will need to ensure that the information you gather is right and totally professional.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you should ensure that you don't simply hold back on your topic. There are different APA Research Paper points, and a significant number of them require additional data. Thusly, you should know the specific subtleties of your point before you start writing.</p><p></p><p>Once you are happy with your examination paper, recall that the objective is to introduce it in the most ideal manner conceivable. The most ideal approach to do this is to experience it over and over until you are certain beyond a shadow of a doubt that you have completely secured the entirety of the data required. Composing the exploration paper isn't a simple undertaking, however it is something that you can generally learn from.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you will need to ensure that you appropriately edit your APA Research Paper before submitting it to the diary. Recall that despite the fact that you know precisely what you are discussing, there are editors who may see things that you don't. Subsequently, it is critical to twofold check your work before submitting it. With appropriate testing, you will have the option to expand your odds of being acknowledged into the journal.</p><p></p><p> When you compose a paper for any diary, ensure that you generally follow the rules set out by the diary. This is on the grounds that most diaries require a great deal of additional data, just as editing. In this manner, a quality examination paper is a fundamental piece of the brain science course, and you ought to guarantee that you follow all APA Research Paper rules and regulations.</p>